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(Thomas)
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Some of those in your list aren`t actually dynamics. Rather, they are alterations to them - different effects on intensity which make the music more interesting. In a forte-piano, for example, you would articulate the note forte, then suddenly drop it down to piano. That doesn`t really tell you what forte and piano are, however. Here`s a list of all the commonly used dynamics, with their pronunciations and definitions (from loudest to softest):
fff (fortississimo)* - very loud, louder than fortissimo
ff (fortissimo)* - very loud
f (forte) - loud
mf (mezzo-forte) - medium loud
mp (mezzo-piano) - medium soft
p (piano) - soft
pp (pianissimo)* - very soft
ppp (pianississimo)* - very soft, softer than pianissimo
*For each additional letter in the abbreviation, you would put one more "iss" in between the first "iss" and the "imo". (eg. pppp = pianiss-iss-iss-imo)
I have also seen music in which ffff or pppp is used, but this is merely for effect, and, in my opinion, unnecessary. If musicians actually literally interpreted dynamics like those, the music would just sound bad.
It isn`t possible to learn how to play dynamics out of a book, either. There is no mathematical definition (decibel level) for each dynamic, and you need to play music with dynamics in it in order to fully understand them.
Thomas
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